Law and Constitution

Introduction Social scientists have subjected the conduct of attorneys to theoretical conceptualization in cases of litigation on the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. A spirited discussion by legal scholars has been advanced to assess the conduct of attorneys in the said litigation.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Law and Constitution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The dominant issue in the said debates has been to establish the role of attorneys in cases falling under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Largely, legal scholars have contended that the attorney general should exercise impartiality in the mentioned cases since acting otherwise would be a violation of the Constitution. John’s argument John Edwards, in his famous argument, asserts that attorneys are faced with confusion when litigation involves a conflict between a policy and a constitutional duty. Edwards asserted that the Charter of Rights and Freedoms dictates a defined cause of action. On the other hand, the pursuance of the mentioned course of action may conflict with political interests. The role of partisan politics in litigation may change the conduct of the attorney in Charter Rights litigation. Edwards states that the attorney should act in an independent way which is free from the influence of the government. His argument has been endorsed by Ian Scott, a former Ontario attorney. The duties of the attorney general are in continuous conflict with the political wishes of the government. The attorney general being the official government legal representative has a duty to protect the government’s policies, but the attorney general can not be compelled to do so. In defending the Charter Rights, the attorney general should desist from any form of partisan litigation and his/her impartiality should be fostered. In the highly politicized cases, the test of the attorney general’s independence has been tested.Advertising Looking for critical writing on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Edwards argued that in an event that the attorney general represented the government in the Charter of Rights litigation, he had a constitutional duty to protect the interests of the public. The academic arguments on the independence of the attorney general in the Charter of Rights litigation have been numerous, but there are rare instances when such impartiality has been exercised. Scott agrees with John’s argument while maintaining that the exercise of independence by the attorney general should be determined by the circumstances surrounding each case. At some point, Scott differs partly with John’s argument. According to him, the attorney general should endeavor to make sure that litigation does not compete with policies. This can be achieved through the competent exercise of the attorney general’s r ole in the cabinet. In an event that the attorney general advice is rejected, and a policy which is unconstitutional is formulated, the attorney has a duty to act independently. Paul’s argument On the other hand, Paul Thomas takes the administrative role theory stating that the attorney general has an exclusive duty to support the political wishes of the government. The conflict can be avoided by the attorney general through offering his/her advice to the cabinet before a policy is formulated. In evaluating the author’s arguments, it is essential to note how they failed or succeed. Edward’s argument on independence of the attorney general failed during the same sex related cases whereby the attorney general took the same position with the government.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Law and Constitution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The argument by Thomas Paul is conclusive sinc e the same sex related cases proved that the attorney general’s conduct is determined by the government’s policy. John’s argument does not achieve his goal of promoting the attorney general’s independence. On the other hand, Paul’s argument is founded on practicability, and his goal to show that the attorney general participates in policy making is achieved. Conclusion The understanding that the attorney general is the legal representative of the government leads to the conclusion that promotion of government policies in litigation is inevitable. The Independence of the attorney general as put across by John Edward is not conclusive. Thomas Paul’s argument is valid since it portrays the practical conduct of the attorney general in promoting the government’s policies. John’s argument has failed in the same sex marriage cases while Thomas argument has been supported. It is clear that Thomas Paul’s argument has succeeded. This critical writing on Law and Constitution was written and submitted by user Guillermo Larson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Write a Literary Analysis on Native American Literature

How to Write a Literary Analysis on Native American Literature When it comes to writing a literary analysis on Native American literature, you may have a tough time if this is your first time drafting one. After all, it needs to be structured, clear and sharply focused for your instructor to give you a good grade. While your work may be cut out for you once you have selected a topic to write on (get inspired by our facts on Native American literature or pick a topic from our list of 20 unique topics), you need to focus on the technical aspects of your analysis as well. Outline for Your Literary Analysis The first thing you should do after finalizing your topic is create a rough outline. You can create your own or simply use the one provided below. Introduction/Thesis Body of The Essay Main Idea 1 Support Evidence Example Main Idea 2 Support Evidence Example Main Idea 3 Evidence Example Support Conclusion Idea 1 + Idea 2 +Idea 3 Keep in mind that the analysis of any literature will involve textual evidence and support. Also, make sure to pay attention to the major themes and literary device the author uses. Note down any ideas you find interesting and then find the interconnecting threads which run through the work. Developing a Thesis Statement A thesis is the central idea of your essay. It is essentially a claim that you are making, which will be supported by evidence from the one or many works of literature you have chosen to analyze. Your thesis must be a specific statement which clearly communicates the purpose of your essay. This central idea will govern the overall development of your essay. Writing a Strong Introduction This section will include your main thesis and provide the reader a bird’s-eye view of your paper. Pay special attention to how you phrase your ideas in this topic. Your goal is to capture your reader’s interest, so use a relevant quote, an interesting fact, or a brief anecdote to quickly bring your subject into focus. Include any background information you feel is required in order to understand your thesis. Include the title of the work you are writing about and the author. Also make sure to mention your reason for choosing that particular piece of work. Creating the Body of the Essay This section is the main part of your analysis. Use this section to explain in detail the main ideas behind your thesis. You also need to include evidence from the text to back up your stated idea. You can use direct quotations from the text or specific details or rely on summaries and paraphrased   sections of the text to support your central idea. Think of three to four main topics and use one paragraph for each topic. Begin each paragraph with a topic sentence and then provide textual support. End the paragraph by connecting your topic with the central thesis. Follow these instructions for each of your topic paragraphs, which should be at least three topics to fully justify and explain your central thesis. Wrapping it All Up in the Conclusion Add a concluding paragraph that ties in your central thesis with all of your main ideas. Make sure it is phrased in a manner that communicates a sense of completeness to the reader. In other words, do not end it abruptly. You can include a re-statement of your main thesis. Also summarize the main points and add some comments about the specific literary work you are writing about. Make sure this point is relevant to your topic. This outline will serve as a handy guide to help you plan out and properly structure your literary analysis on Native American literature. Include all the relevant sections and follow the advice given for each and you will surely end up with a great grade. Along with it we have prepared 14 facts on Native American literature for your literary analysis as well as 20 topics and 1 sample essay about this subject. Make sure to check them to get the whole picture.

Humic Acid removal and fouling using tubular ceramic micro filtration Essay

Humic Acid removal and fouling using tubular ceramic micro filtration membranes combined with coagulation and adsorption - Essay Example result in either increased flux (for operation at constant pressure) or decreased feed pressure requirements (for operation at constant flux); the converse effect results from colder feedwater.† (Cheryan, 1998) Consequently, temperature is an important consideration in the conceptual design phase, because changes in feedwater temperature over the year may necessitate additional membrane area to maintain the required system capacity, depending on the maximum TMP of the membranes, seasonal water demand, and other site-specific factors. When considering temperature effects on MF/UF membranes, the flux is typically normalized to a reference temperature of 20 °C. (Cho et al., 283-298, 2000) Typical units for flux are gallons of water per square foot of membrane area per day or litters of water per square meter of membrane area per hour. The pore density (P^sub pore^) is the number of pores per unit of membrane area, r is the pore radius, Ï„ is the tortuosity factor, and Δz is the pore length. Thus, the resistance to pure water transport across a clean membrane is expected to increase with increasing tortuosity and thickness and with decreasing pore density and pore radius (with a strongly influencing inverse 4th power relationship). An important operational factor that can strongly influence the flux is the foulants that accumulate over a filtration cycle (reversible fouling), between cleaning intervals (reversible fouling), and over the life of a membrane module (irreversible fouling). This fouling can take several forms: particulate/colloidal fouling, organic fouling, and/or bio fouling. Fouling results in the gradual reduction in flux (for constant pressure operation) or increase in TMP (for constant flux operation) because of adsorption or deposition of contaminants either within the pores or on the surface of the membrane. (Hicke, 187–196, 2002) In Eq 1, fouling is incorporated by expanding the resistance term to include additive factors to account for the

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Operations Management - Essay Example a. Find breakeven points, X p. Mass Customization: 1, 260, 000 + 60 X = 120 X → X p = 21, 000 Intermittent: Repetitive: 1, 625, 000 + 55 X = 120 X → X p = 25, 000 Continuous: b. 1, 000, 000 + 70 X = 120 X → X p = 20, 000 1,960, 000 + 50 X = 120 X → X p = 28, 000 Find least-cost process at X = 24, 000 units. Fixed cost VC Units Mass Customization: 1, 260, 000 + 60 ( 24, 000 ) = 2, 700, 000 Intermittent: Repetitive: 1, 000, 000 + 70 ( 24, 000 ) = 2, 680, 000 1, 625, 000 + 55 ( 24, 000 ) = 2,945, 000 Continuous: 1,960, 000 + 50 ( 24, 000 ) = 3,160, 000 The least-cost process: Intermittent Process. c. 24,000 > 20,000 Yes: Anticipated Production Volume Intermittent Process Breakeven Point Annual Profit Using Intermittent Process: $120 ( 24, 000 ) − 2, 680, 000 = $200, 000 Answer: The intermittent process will maximize annual profit. Annual Profit: $200,000 A-20 CHAPTER 8.1 CX ( 2, 000 )( 2.5) + ( 5, 000 )( 2.5) + (10, 000 )( 5.5 ) + ( 7, 000 )( 5.0 ) + (1 0, 000 )( 8.0 ) + ( 20, 000 )( 7.0 ) + (14, 000 )( 9.0 ) = 6.67 2, 000 + 5, 000 + 10, 000 + 7, 000 + 10, 000 + 20, 000 + 14, 000 ( 2, 000 )( 4.5 ) + ( 5,000 )( 2.5 ) + (10, 000 )( 4.5) + ( 7,000 )( 2.0 ) + (10, 000 )( 5.0 ) + ( 20,000 )( 2.0 ) + (14, 000 )( 2.5 ) Cy With a financial calculator, enter the following: N = 10; I = YTM = 9%; PMT = 0.08 ï‚ ´ 1,000 = 80; FV = 1000; PV = VB = ? PV = $935.82. Alternatively, VB = $80(PVIFA9%, 10) + $1,000(PVIF9%, 10) = $80(6.4177) + $1,000(0.4224) = $513.42 + $422.40 = $935.82.

Gangs Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Gangs - Coursework Example o note the direction in which the suspect fled, the mode of transportation he used, the make, color, and model of the vehicle he used as well as the license plates and an any other thing that may describe the vehicle like its condition (Portal.chicagopolice.org, 2014). It is important to observe if the suspect is armed and if so what type as well as the accomplices involved in the crime. This involves an outline of the suspect’s characteristics. First, note the sex of the suspect and the race or nationality if it is possible to identify. A complexion description is also necessary. The body size should come next. This consists of the suspect’s height and build. An estimate of the weight may also be included. The suspect’s age range should also be identified. Another important feature is the hair. This involves color, style, texture and length (Portal.chicagopolice.org, 2014). Also note the nature of the eyes in terms of color, shape, eyebrows and eyelashes. Physical peculiarities like limps, high pitched voice and accents need to be remembered. Start with the general appearance of the suspect, whether, neat, sloppy, well-groomed or dirty. Then give a description of the pieces of clothing that he or she is wearing. This incorporates the color, length, accessories, design, patterns and style of everything that the suspect is wearing, from the hat, shirt, coat and trousers to the socks, shoes and jewelry (Portal.chicagopolice.org, 2014). If there are any oddities it is important to mention them. The mugging occurred at the union street train station at six o’clock in the evening. There was only one attacker armed with a knife. The suspect was a Hispanic male in his mid twenties, about six feet tall and weighed around 200 pounds. He had black hair that was straight and short with a receding hairline. He had large brown, bloodshot eyes with heavy eyebrows. His cheeks were deep set with a double chin that was covered by a two day beard. He spoke in a deep voice

Clinical Effect of LANAP in Treatment of Periodontal Pockets

Clinical Effect of LANAP in Treatment of Periodontal Pockets Aim: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the clinical effects of LANAP as an adjunctive to non-surgical periodontal therapy in the treatment of moderate periodontal pockets. Materials and methods: A total of 38 patients (22 males, 16 females; mean age 36 ±10.1 years) diagnosed with generalized chronic periodontitis were included in this randomized, single –blind clinical study. All the sites were divided into 2 groups: test group (n = 469), treated with laser along with SRP and control group (n=481), treated with SRP alone. Data collected at baseline and after 6 weeks and 24 weeks included sulcus bleeding index (SBI), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Changes in PD and CAL were analyzed separately for moderate (4-6mm) and deep (≠¥7 mm) pockets. Results: The results obtained in both the groups showed that API and BOP after 6 weeks and 24 weeks was superior to the baseline (PË‚0.0001). At 24 weeks pot-operatively, a significant (PË‚0.0001) improvement was seen in moderate and deep PD and CAL in both the groups. In between the groups, after 24 weeks, test group showed significant gain in CAL in moderate pockets (PË‚0.0001) and decreased PD in deep periodontal pockets. (PË‚0.0017) Conclusion: The present study indicates that, LANAP using Nd:YAG laser (1064nm) with SRP as an effective non surgical periodontal therapy in the treatment of moderate periodontal pockets. Key words: chronic periodontitis, clinical attachment level, Lasers, non-surgical periodontal therapy, pocket depth. Introduction The primary goal of periodontal therapy is to control periodontal infection by the removal of supragingival and subgingival biofilms and smear layer, which contains bacteria, bacterial endotoxins and contaminated root cementum.1-2 Removal of these pathologic substances ensures biologic compatibility between the diseased periodontal radicular surface and new connective tissue attachment (CTA).3 Traditional approaches like non – surgical and surgical periodontal methods using both hand instruments and ultrasonic scalers have been carried out for several years with great success. Laser therapy has been proposed as an alternative or adjunctive treatment to conventional periodontal therapy.4 Maiman in 1960 developed the first laser prototype and later by Goldman et al (1964), Stern RH and Sognnaes RF ( 1972) reported the effect of laser on dental tissue and on enamel and dentin.5 Myers and Myers (1989) suggested that the Nd:YAG laser could be used for oral soft tissue surgery. Various types of LASERS like CO2, diode lasers (gallium-aluminum-arsenide and indium- gallium-arsenide), neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG), and erbium: Yttrium – aluminum-garnet (Er: YAG) with varying wavelengths (635 to10,600 nm) have different levels of tissue penetration depending on reflection, scatter, and absorption.6 Low level laser therapy (LLLT) using diode laser can facili tate collagen synthesis, angiogenesis, and growth factor release, which eventually accelerate wound healing.7 Laser-assisted new attachment procedure (LANAP) was introduced by Dr. Robert H. Gregg and Delwin McCarthy in 1989. Initial reports suggest that LANAP is associated with cementum mediated new connective tissue attachment (CTA) and apparent periodontal regeneration of diseased root surfaces in humans.8 When laser irradiation is delivered cautiously, the regenerative potential of laser is high, and, undoubtedly, new fibroblastic activity in the connective tissue promotes new connective tissue attachment.9 The indications for LANAP are the same as for standard periodontal therapy that includes periodontal pocket depth (PD) ≠¥ 4mm, radiographic evidence of bone loss, and positive laboratory test for presence of putative periodontal pathogens. The results of recent research suggest that a Free- Running, Pulsed Nd:YAG laser (PerioLase ® MVP-7 laser, Millennium Dental Technologies) provides a viable alternative to traditional periodontal surgery. Properly applied PerioLase MVP-7 laser has been shown to produce less bleeding, swelling, discomfort and periodontal regeneration.10 The use of lasers in periodontics is rapidly increasing. Despite enormous clinical research and a plethora of scientific literature, controversy exists to date among clinicians regarding the application of lasers in the treatment of periodontal disease. There is limited evidence on the clinical efficacy of LANAP over conventional surgical or non surgical periodontal and periimplant therapies. Consequently, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the clinical effects of LANAP therapy using 1064-nm of Nd: YAG laser with SRP versus the effect of SRP alone in the treatment of moderate to deep periodontal pockets. Material and methods: A total of 38 patients (22 male and 16 females) with mean age of 36 ±10.1 and diagnosed with generalized chronic periodontitis attending to the department of periodontics, sibar institute of dental sciences, Guntur, India, were included in the study. A randomized split mouth method was carried out in all the patients with two quadrants as test group (TG) treated with LANAP along with SRP and other two quadrants as control group (CG) treated with SRP alone. Teeth with PD and CAL ≠¥4mm on at least one from the six surfaces were included into the study. Patients were selected according to the following inclusion criteria; History of no periodontal treatment in the last 12months, no use of antibiotics within the previous 6 months, no systemic disease that influence the periodontal therapy, no smoking or alcohol and no pregnancy and lactation. Exclusion criteria are teeth with grade III mobility (11) and patients using removable or fixed partial dentures. The study protocol has bee n approved by institutional ethical committee and informed written consent from all the recruited subjects was taken before start of the study. Before the start of the treatment, the data of all enrolled patients including periodontal parameters like plaque index (PI),(12) bleeding on probing, (BOP) (13) pocket depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded at baseline, 6 weeks and 24 weeks post-operatively. Full mouth CAL and PD was measured at all the six surfaces of each tooth using UNC-15 periodontal probe. At each interval all the clinical parameters were recorded and maintained by single examiner (TP), who was unaware of the study design. All the patients received complete supragingival scaling with an ultrasonic device in two appointments at one week interval by the examiner (TP). Oral hygiene instructions were given at every appointment and followed by use of 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash as directed twice daily for two weeks. Patients were recalled after three weeks and randomization was carried out using slip method with each quadrant is coded with a number, subsequently resulting in two quadrants as test group and other two quadrants as control group. To overcome the selection bias, randomization was performed by independent instructor, who did not participate in the study. LANAP protocol was followed along with SRP for the test quadrants, whereas SRP alone was done for the remaining two quadrants. Under local anesthesia, first application of laser is performed using Nd:YAG laser (1064nm) at power setting of 3.0 watt, 150-us pulse duration, and 20Hz (14) into the gingival sulcus by placing the fiber optic delivery system (0.2-0.3mm) parallel to the long axis of the tooth and moved laterally and apically 1 mm less to the clinical measurement value obtained for the pocket depth. All the six surfaces of each tooth were treated with laser. The objective of placing the laser into the sulcus is to remove the diseased epithelium towards the soft tissue wall of the periodontal pocket and also to create a trough with significant hemostasis. Full mouth SRP was performed for each patient in both groups using area specific gracey curettes until the roots were smooth and no visual or tactile evidence of calculus or altered cementum. After thorough SRP, laser fiber-o ptic delivery system is passed through the pocket for the second time at power setting of 4.0 watts, 635-us pulse duration, and 20Hz to achieve a stable fibrin clot and pocket seal.(14) The control teeth received all of the aforementioned treatment except for the laser therapy and suturing was not done. Full mouth SRP in both the groups and laser application in TG was carried out by the single clinician (KK). All the patients were given post operative instructions and medication including 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash twice daily with supragingival brushing for two weeks. Antibiotics (amoxicillin 500mg, every 8 hours) and analgesics (ibuprofen 400mg, every 8 hours) were advised for 5 days. Patients were recalled at 1week, 6 week, and 24 week for postoperative follow-up, where the clinical measurements were recorded at 6 weeks and 24 weeks respectively and oral hygiene is reinforced in all the visits. All the subjects completed the study protocol and were followed up to the end of the study. A total of 481 sites in control group and 469 sites in test group were examined. Statistical analysis: Data was expressed as mean values of API, BOP, PD and CAL (4-6mm and >7mm) were evaluated using a software. Comparisons were made within the group and between the groups at 6 weeks and 24 weeks using wilcoxon matched paired t- test and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results None of the 38 patients participated in the trial had reported pain or any discomfort. Healing after 24 weeks was satisfactory and uneventful as observed by the investigator and reported by the patients respectively. However, six patients in test group compared to 4 patients in control group experienced dentinal hypersensitivity during first 4 weeks post-operatively, which has subsided. The BOP and API results (mean  ±SD) for LG and CG at baseline, 6 weeks and 24 weeks were presented in table 1. Significant reduction was observed in the mean BOP and API scores from baseline to 6 weeks and 24 weeks post intervention (pË‚0.001). The finding held strength in both the groups. However, neither of the groups had shown significant differences in the mean BOP and API scores between 6 weeks and 24 weeks post intervention. Similar findings were observed on comparison of mean pocket depths with significant differences observed from baseline to 6 weeks (PË‚0.0001) and 24 we eks (PË‚0.0001) as well in both the test and the control groups. However no significant differences were found between the test and control groups both at baseline and post intervention, suggesting accurate randomization and near equivalent impact of both the interventions respectively. (Table 2) The mean CAL score for teeth with CAL≠¥4mm was higher in the TG at baseline and this difference was marginally significant (p=0.0493). However, the differences lost significance after the intervention both at 6 weeks and 24 weeks. A statistically significant gain (PË‚0.0001) of CAL (4-6mm) is noticed in both the groups when compared from baseline to 6 weeks and 24 weeks. Inter group comparison of CAL (4-6 mm) at 6 weeks showed that a significant gain is achieved in TG at baseline to 6 weeks (PË‚0.0244), baseline to 24 weeks (PË‚0.0005) and 6 weeks to 24 weeks (PË‚0.0016) (Table 3). The mean pocket depth of sites with PD ≠¥7 mm in test group was 8.38  ± 1.18 and in CG it is 8.49  ± 1.05. The difference in the mean values between the groups at baseline was not significant (PË‚0.6791). Both the groups showed overall improvement in 6 weeks and 24 weeks postoperatively, which was statistically significant (PË‚0.0001). However, 24 weeks post intervention comparison revealed significant gain in the TG compared to the CG (p At baseline, there was no significant difference between the mean CAL scores of the two groups for teeth with CAL≠¥7mm. A significant gain in attachment was observed in both the groups from baseline to 6 weeks and 24 weeks (PË‚0.0001). Unlike mean pocket depth for sites with PD≠¥7mm, mean CAL scores for teeth with CAL≠¥7mm were not significantly different between the two groups at 24 weeks post intervention. Table 5 Discussion: Various treatment approaches have been carried out in the treatment of periodontal pockets and laser assisted periodontal therapy is most widely used nowadays. Laser mediated periodontal therapy has shown significant benefits from subgingival soft tissue curettage as well as in subgingival bacterial loads.(15) According to previous studies, adjunctive use of the diode laser along with conventional SRP has shown to have an additive effect in reducing subgingival bacteria in periodontal pockets measuring ≠¥4mm.(16) A study by Talat Qadri et al observed a significant reduction in inflammatory markers (IL-1ÃŽ ² and MMP-8) levels in GCF, sites treated with SRP and Nd:YAG laser than SRP alone. (17) Another study by Aykol G et al observed decreased GCF levels of Matrixmetalloproteinase-1, tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase-1, transforming growth factor-b1, and basic-fibroblast growth factor suggesting LLLT as an adjunctive therapy to non-surgical periodontal treatment and improves periodontal healing. (7) According to Slot DE et al 2010, stated that there was no significant difference in all clinical parameters between the sites treated with SRP and Nd:YAG laser than SRP alone, (18) these results are in support to his earlier systematic review.(19) In the present study, Nd:YAG laser with wave length of 1060-nm has been used to evaluate clinical benefit of LANAP as an adjunct to conventional periodontal therapy for achieving new attachment. The present results indicate that non surgical periodontal therapy using hand instruments or in combination with LANAP procedure shown significant improvements in clinical parameters (BOP, PD, and CAL) for both moderate and deep pockets at 6 weeks and 24 weeks after treatment. Similar results were presented in earlier case reports and case series, showing significant improvement in gingival inflammation during observation period from baseline to 6 weeks and 24 weeks. . Histologic evaluation of LANAP in humans for the treatment of periodontal pockets has shown new connective tissue attachment and periodontal regeneration. (14) Nevins ML et al evaluated periodontal regeneration performing LANAP procedure in humans and stated that there was a significant degree of periodontal regeneration with new cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone (10). In a prospective study done by Nevins ML et al, evaluated the efficacy of LANAP therapy in eight patients for a period of 9 months and concluded that majority of treated sites showed improvement in all clinical parameters.(20) The results obtained in this study using LANAP therapy have showed a significant improvement in BOP, PI, PD and CAL, similar to the previous studies. (8,10,14,19-20) Sites with PD of 4-6mm has shown significant reduction in both the groups at 24 weeks post operatively, indicating that both the therapies were effective in treating moderate periodontal pockets. However at 24 weeks post-operatively, a significant gain in CAL at 4-6mm in the sites treated with LANAP was observed, suggesting a new cementum and new connective tissue formation (new attachment). This data supports to the earlier study by Yukna RA et al (2007) and Nevins MI (2012), where histological examination of all six LANAP treated teeth showed formation of new CTA. PD with ≠¥7mm sites in both the groups were treated non- surgically with LANAP therapy as an adjunctive in test group. All the patients included in this study had average PD of 4-6mm with few sites ≠¥7mm. Non-surgical periodontal treatment was carried out for all the sites including sites with ≠¥7mm, as they were located in isolated areas. Systematic reviews have proven that in terms of PD reduction and CAL gain in open flap debridement procedures were effective in sites with PD >6mm. (21) In the present study, test group showed significant reduction in PD in sites with ≠¥7mm when compared with control group, but no significant gain in CAL is achieved at 24 week post-operatively. These results were similar to the previous study by Nevins ML et al 2014, where initial sites of ≠¥7mm had at least 2mm of PD reduction in 91% of sites and CAL gain of 2mm in 77% of sites. Greater retraction of periodontal tissues in deep periodontal pockets (≠¥7mm) in test group led to significant reduction in PD with no significant gain in CAL. LANAP appears to be safe procedure that resulted in new CTA formation with no significant side effects beyond dentinal hypersensitivity or gingival recession and no damage to the root surfaces.(22) Even though LANAP therapy has been introduced 15 years ago, very few case reports and case series has been reported till now with substantial clinical and histological evidence. However controversy remains regarding the efficacy of LASERS, mainly LANAP therapy in treating the periodontal disease and periodontal regeneration. This is the first randomized controlled clinical study done to evaluate LANAP as adjunctive to SRP in the treatment of periodontal disease for a period of 24 weeks. LANAP therapy should be further evaluated with long term clinical trials with larger sample size to compare the clinical results with conventional therapy. . Conclusion: Within the limits of the present study, the results indicate that LANAP therapy as an adjunct to non surgical periodontal therapy using Nd:YAG Laser offered superior results when compared with SRP alone. Present study focussed mainly in the treatment of moderate periodontal pockets and achieved significant results in all the clinical parameters observed. Deeper pockets also showed promising results with LANAP therapy, suggesting that further studies are necessary to adequately test the potential benefits following the LANAP protocol in the treatment of periodontal diseases.

Prenatal Diagnostic Tests and the Social, Legal, and Ethical Implicatio

Prenatal Diagnostic Tests and the Social, Legal, and Ethical Implications Introduction Jackie and Michael are expecting their first baby. Jackie is 32 years old and is in good health. She is 15 weeks pregnant and wants to do everything possible to ensure a healthy baby. Even though they do not have risk factors within their families, she and Michael decide to have an amniocentesis. The results indicate that their baby is a female with Turner Syndrome. This condition is caused by a missing X chromosome and results in short stature, ovarian failure, and medical problems involving the heart, thyroid glands, and kidneys. Some of these conditions can be treated and managed with great success. The question that arises after diagnoses is whether or not they will choose to terminate the pregnancy with an abortion or carry the child to full term. The availability of methods that determine the genetic predisposition of a fetus gives rise to a whole array of questions and issues that must be confronted as we develop policies to deal with genetic testing. In this essay, I will present current and future methods for prenatal diagnosis, ethical concerns and related problems dealing with this new technology, my personal opinion on the issue, and finally, future goals in the science of genetics. All of us are potential carriers of several deleterious recessive genes that could be lethal to our offspring if combined with another recessive allele carrying the same fate (IOM 1994). The chances of a genetic disease being passed on are 1 in 100 Americans born today (March of Dimes 1997). Because of the risks involved, many people are having prenatal tests to examine the genetic makeup of their fetuses. For many couples, this option... ...able to cure diseases we never dreamed possible, and the lives of humans will be improved eminently. References Cited Arc. Genetic Discrimination. Obtained from WWW 10/09/97: http://www.the.arc.org/depts/gbr03.html Botkin, Jeffrey R. Fetal Privacy and Confidentiality. Hastings Center Report, Sept.-Oct. 1995:32-39. Institute of Medicine. Assessing Genetic Risks. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1994. March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation. Genetic Testing and Gene Therapy: What They Mean to You and Your Family. Obtained from WWW 10/09/97: http://ubeclu.unibe.ch/insel/GENETEST.HTML Mattei, Jean-Francois. Prenatal Diagnosis. World Health, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1996:22-23. Morejon, Diana Punales. Commentary. Hastings Center Report, May-June 1996:21-22. Weatherall, D.J. The New Genetics and Clinical Practice. Oxford University Press, 1991.