Alcohol Tobacco vs. Illegal Drugs - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 680 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Health Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? In the article â€Å"Alcohol, Tobacco Worse Than Illegal Drugs† a new British study found that alcohol and tobacco are more dangerous than some illegal narcotics such as marijuana or Ecstasy. Professor David Nutt of Britain’s Bristol University and some colleagues proposed the study and found a new structure for the â€Å"classification of harmful substances based on the actual risk posed to society† (Conroy, 2007). The researchers used three factors to determine how harmful any drug is : â€Å"the physical harm to the user, the drug’s potential for addiction, and the impact on society of drug use† (Conroy, 2007). Then two groups of experts (psychiatrists or medical expertise) were asked to select scores of twenty different drugs. In the rankings, heroin and cocaine were the most dangerous, followed by barbiturates and street methadone. Alcohol ranked the fifth-most dangerous drug, while tobacco ranked the ninth. Surprisingly, cannabis came in the eleventh spot and Ecstasy was near the bottom of the list. Nutt believes that the current British drug system is â€Å"ill thought-out and arbitrary† (Conroy, 2007). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Alcohol Tobacco vs. Illegal Drugs" essay for you Create order Even though different countries use different ways to classify drugs, none of them use a system like Nutt proposed and he hopes that his new system could â€Å"serve as a framework for international authorities† (Conroy, 2007). The information in this article and the study that Professor Nutt conducted are factual. There are more than one article about the study on the internet. In the article it says that alcohol is more harmful than marijuana, which is true. In 2001, there were 331 alcohol overdose deaths and 0 marijuana overdose deaths (CDC, 2004). Also, when marijuana is in its nature form it is â€Å" one of the safest therapeutically active substances known to man† (Kapperler Potter, 2005, p. 199), and that marijuana is â€Å"far safer than many foods we commonly consume†(Kapperler Potter, 2005, p. 199). Alcohol has far more dangerous long-term effects than marijuana such as permanent damage to vital organs, several different types of cancer, high blood pressure, and malnutrition and nutritional deficiencies (Alcohol , 2006). While marijuana smoke contains â€Å"some of the same cancer-causing compounds as tobacco, sometimes in higher concentrations† (Marijuana , 2010). At the top of the charts is cocaine and heroin ,which is also accurate. Cocaine is at the top because it â€Å"is the most powerful natural stimulant available to man† (Kapperler Potter, 2005, p. 194). While heroine is â€Å"the single most abused opiate in the US, and has one of the most serious addiction rates of all illegal drugs† (Heroin: one,). The reasons why these two are so dangerous is because when on heroin the â€Å"mental functioning is slow and disoriented†(Heroin: one, ), and while cocaine can result in â€Å"acute cardiovascular or cerebrovascular emergencies—severe circulation problems to the heart or brain† (Cocaine and crack, ). In the article, it is stated that â€Å"tobacco causes 40 percent of all hospital illnesses, while alcohol is blamed for more than half of all visits to hospital emergency rooms,† and â€Å"the substances also harm society in other ways, damaging families and occupying police services† (Conroy, 2007), which is true. In 2000, the leading cause of death was tobacco at 435,00 deaths (Kapperler Potter, 2005, p. 203). Also, there were 85,000 deaths from alcohol and another 16,700 from alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes. This article stated facts conducted from a experiment that Professor Nutt and colleagues performed with the help of experts. Due to the information that was stated, this article is factual and had no intent of providing myths about the subject. The three factors that the researchers creates a measurement to determine the rankings. This scale shows accuracy and helps support validity and reliability. It’s important to know the truth about this topic because many people think that marijuana and some other illegal drugs are more dangerous than alcohol and tobacco. However, the article informs people that alcohol and tobacco are more harmful than one thinks and that countries should provide a different way to classify drugs. References Alcohol . (2006, March 06). Retrieved from https://www. gdcada. org/statistics/alcohol. htm Cocaine and crack cocaine abuse. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http:/www. psychiatric-disorders. com/articles/substance-abuse/cocaine-abuse. php Conroy, S. (2007, March 24). Alcohol, tobacco worse than illegal drugs. Associates Press, Retrieved from

The Debate Between Creationists And Evolutionary Theorists

Rachel Summers Professor Hughs Philosophy 101 16 December 2016 The Debate Between Creationists and Evolutionary Theorists The subject of origins, or how we got here, is one of the most fundamental questions that can be asked. The important question of why we are here can’t be answered by science alone. How we answer these questions provides the basis for how we think about things, it defines our world-view. The Evolution vs. Creation debate is often referred to as the Great Debate. 20th century science has made the compelling discovery that, at some point, the universe began. Both sides of the debate Evolutionists and Creationists agree on one thing only, that the universe has not always existed. This is where their agreement ends. The why and how the universe began is where the division and dispute begins. There are two basic theories in this debate. The first is the historical default, the creation model of origins. This theory maintains that the intricate design infiltrates all things, which implies a designer. The second theory is th e more recent, atheistic explanation, the evolution model of origins. This theory suggests that the intricate design infiltrates all things and is a product of random chance and excessive time. A creationist is one who rejects scientific explanations for the origin of life and the universe, preferring a hypothesis of supernatural creation by a designer named God. The belief that people were created by God, in the image of God, is atShow MoreRelatedCreationism vs. Darwinism: A Comparative Analysis1530 Words   |  6 Pagesbasis for creationist beliefs. Additionally, Darwinism is explored and the differences between Creationism and Darwinism are analyzed. Despite overwhelming evidence that supports the existence and validity of Darwinism, there are still arguments made that attempt to discredit evolution. The battle between Creationists and Darwinists extends beyond science and religion and has proliferated academia. Although this issue has often been presented before the courts at a federal level, Creationists have repeatedlyRead MoreThe Effects Of Clinical Depression On An Individual s Dreaming1485 Words   |  6 Pagesenergies and desires that are derived from the id) wishes or offsetting emotional strategies as proposed by psychodynamic theorists like Freud and Jung. Hall devised this theory through standardized dream content scoring inventories. He used this method to demonstrate that the most frequently occurring images or ideas were not peculiar events but rather routine social interactions between the dreamer and their most regular acquaintances. The psychological factors that affect one’s dreaming would be anyRead MoreA Debate On Gods Revelation Of God1984 Words   |  8 Pagescompromise of reinterpreting Genesis to fit in evolution and millions of years, which undermines biblical authority.† Ultimately, what’s at stake in this debate is more than just a magic number of years. This debate’s significance centers on God’s revelation of Himself in Scripture and whether Scripture is relevant today or not. This issue has only become a debate in the last couple hundred years. Before the Enlightenment, people in Western cultures accepted the young earth view because the scriptural accountRead MoreEvolution vs. Intelligent Design Essay3619 Words   |  15 PagesPhilosophers, natural scientists, and theologians have long historical records of dealing with the explanations of mankinds origin, function, purpose, and ultimate destiny1. In a seemingly never-ending process of debate and debunk, the scie ntific community has clung fast to evolutionary theory as a matter of proven fact. Those opposing this view have, over the course of the twentieth century, morphed the creationistic view into something more, along the way gaining the support of a small portionRead MoreEssay on The Fallacy in Teaching Macroevolution as Scientific Theory2237 Words   |  9 Pages2011 A seemingly endless debate continues over the legitimacy of teaching evolutionary theory in classrooms, particularly in communities where religion plays a prominent role in community life. Some church leaders, teachers and school board members argue that alternate explanations provided by creationists or proponents of intelligent design should be taught alongside those of evolutionary theorists in science classrooms. People who are proponents of evolutionary theory are quick to offer aRead MoreHumans s Views On The Evolution Of The World And The Life That Inhabits It1869 Words   |  8 Pagesresistant to the evidence and scientific proof of evolution, and will creationists ever begin to accept the proven facts that invalidate everything they think is true about creationism? Creationism is a view that less than fifty percent of Americans believe in. According to an article on Stanford’s website, a creationist is someone who believes in a god who is the absolute creator of everything that inhabits the earth.1 Creationists strongly oppose a world brought on by evolution, particularly a worldRead MoreThe Impact Of Religion On The Public School System2185 Words   |  9 Pagesbecome reigning influence on world’s views. Scientific analysis has led to conclusions that provide an alternate justification for the origin of life, countering many widespread religious beliefs. Consequently, this results in a persistent dispute between the scientific community and these faithful believers. Because of the alleged legitimacy of science, society has a difficult time refuting the claims made by the science community. The significant dependability on scientific perspective creates confusionRead MoreEssay Can Intelligent Design be Empirically Proven2734 Wo rds   |  11 Pagesthat common descent is the case, albeit for reasons other than the Darwinian mechanism† (Young, 45). Common descent is the general term that is oftentimes used by advocates of the Darwinist ideology. The term is used to describe the common ancestry between species. For example, by looking at fossil records, scientists are able to point out that mankind and primates share a similar physiology with one another. Proponents may agree with some parts of common descent, but only if they are allowed to claim

The Christian Century Free Essays

This article is written by Jimmy Carter, the thirty-ninth President of United States (1977-1981).   The article was published in   The Christian Century on September 20, 2005 in page No.32-35. We will write a custom essay sample on The Christian Century or any similar topic only for you Order Now This article was retrieved only for the purpose of academic pursuit and to gain more understanding from the article about Christian living.   In this task, the article written by Hon.Jimmy Carter, is being analyzed with all the due respect and honor to Sir.Jimmy Carter with a request to grant permit for the article analysis. Former President Hon.Jimmy Carter is presently associated with Maranatha Baptist Church in Plains, Georgia. The discussion is focused particularly about Christian diversions and what are the negative effects that Christian ministries are faced with in the present day church society. It is a great challenge to church leaders as well to the ministerial work that is carried in Christianity.   In letter to Galatians, St.Paul indicated that the three churches established in Lystra, Iconium and Derbe to where St.Paul began the first missionary journey,   where there was huge congregation in the beginning, began to become divided radically from the faith due to the rise of other requirements from leaders for acceptance and retention of fellowship which lead to chaos and disagreements among churches. This is a great threat and does not hold good for missionary work as well for Christian believers about churches unity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Basic fundamental mistake was being committed by church leaders in Galatia who were departing from the gospel of Christ and were interested in adopting facets of Jewish law and circumcision.   The denominations are man-made viz., Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterians, Mennonites, Quakers and Catholics. There are also other issues in the article about fundamentalism, women preachers and about leadership of church.   St.Paul â€Å"Now I appeal to you, brothers and sisters, by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that all of you be in agreement and that there be no divisions among you, but that you be united in the same mind and the same purpose†(1 Cor 1:10). Author’s (Jimmy Carter) favorite Bible verse â€Å"Be kind one to another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, as God in Christ has forgiven you† (Ephes 4:32)†. Article is reflecting on present day leadership in various denominations of church, women leadership in the church and whether such situation existed in the days of St.Paul.   The thesis of the Author is, follow and practice what St.Paul did in taking the gospel of Jesus Christ to various places and building congregations and not Christian radical associations or depicting superiority of men over women. Jesus Christ gave equal importance to women at par with men and never degraded women at any point of time throughout Jesus missionary work.   It was also stated here that women who would like to preach the gospel of Christ must   â€Å"Any woman who prays or prophesies with her head unveiled disgraces her head – it is one and the same thing as having her head shaved. For if a woman will not veil herself, then she should cut off her hair† Further the author states that as St.Paul stated â€Å"When I came to you, brothers and sisters, I did not come proclaiming the mystery of God to you in lofty words or wisdom. For I decided to know nothing among you except Jesus Christ, and him crucified† (I Cor 2:1-2)   The essence of the gospel should be that we are saved by the grace of God through faith in Jesus Christ and this is sufficient to carry on faith and religion and there is nothing much more important than this either to God or to Christians and believers of Jesus Christ. The article is in close association with New Testament especially with St.Paul missionary work that was much highly spirited in Galatia and in Corinth.   Paul through various missionary letters motivated friends, church leaders and even congregation in those times. Christian religion is one of the world’s most popular religion and there are many Christian churches around the world in various denominations. It is important to carry the unity and integrity of Christian religion whereas politics in Christian denominations, racism, gender differences and other social issues should not be included in gospel work or in church leaderships. Churches are basically human institutions wherein Christ believers grow in faith, carry gospel work and develop social and communal harmony which is the sole motive of any religion.     St.Paul confronted several problems in missionary work and in carrying the gospel of Christ and St.Paul did not give up and instead motivated associates towards evangelism and stated its importance. This article is an excellent piece of writing, that must really be an inspiration to those who are endeavoring in gospel work and those who are actively participant in building up of new churches in various places. Reference Jimmy Carter (2005) ,Back to Fundamentals Accessed May 9, 2008 http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=3249    How to cite The Christian Century, Essay examples

Evolution of square dancing Essay Example For Students

Evolution of square dancing Essay What do the words square dance mean to you? For most they bring on images of red barns full of men in cowboy hats and women in gingham dresses skipping along as a fiddler plays and the cows and horses look on. These dances are often thought of as a thing of the 1930s or something we see in movies such as Oklahoma. However, the form we know of today has far outgrown that stigma. Square dancing is popular across the world and is performed by all ages. Square dance groups attend conferences, clinics, and competitions year round. There are also many magazines and newsletters devoted to the people addicted to this dance. The square dance, four couples in a set who are led by a caller through a variety of maneuvers and formations1 , has gone through many changes over the past centuries. Originally, it is believed to have come from the longways, or contra, dance. Performed as two parallel lines of dancers it was shortened later to form what is now known as square dancing. The contra dance can be found in seventeenth century Spanish dances that consist of the crossing of two columns and early English country-dance, two circles that return to their original lines. These dances were passed down through the generations and were merely memorized, but in 1650, the steps were written out. However, the body formations were not entirely explained, so many past steps are not known. The tradition of calling the dances did not come until later. During the eighteenth century, religious groups rallied against dance, calling it devilish. Early Puritans, however, showed evidence of loving it. One English author, John Bunyon, said all good people dance, from the angels down. .2 The acceptance of dancing varied from preacher to preacher and upon acceptance a dance master would announce to the town that dance classes would be held for the people for the next couple of days. Dance masters traveled the country fostering the growth of the dance, reaching out to people that would have never been exposed to such things. Upon a military alliance with France following the Revolution, French dance masters came to America introducing variations of their contra dance that had been shortened to line dances with four couples. These became known as quadrilles- a forerunner of American Square Dance.3 An anti-British sentiment caused the quadrilles to grow in popularity due to the Americans insistence on not supporting any English dances. In 18 48, the West brought forth another new type of dance called a cotillion. These consisted of a square formation that was led by a fiddler who called, or gave a series of directions, to the dancers. So began the start of what we now know to be modern square dancing. The breakdown of the modern square dance begins with the four major subdivisions: the introduction, the main figure, breaks, and the final terminating movement. In the introduction, the dancers in each set all move at the same time and these moves are interchangeable for almost any square dance. The second part, the main figure, consists of the bulk of the dance- a series of maneuvers. Dancers may have one couple perform a figure or the females may dance in unison and then the males. These are usually done four times. The breaks, or trimmings, are put in between each main figure and like the introduction, are often interchangeable. The breaks allow the dancers a slight break before continuing. For the final part of the dan ce, known as the terminating movement, the dancers perform together and the caller usually decides upon its content. The formation of a square dance is composed of four couples standing on the sides of a hollow square, facing toward the center.4 Each of the couples stand on one side of the square. The man stands to the left of the female. Some basic terms that are used when referring to the formation are couple, set, station, head and side. A couple means two persons who are partners in the dance.5 A set is a group of four couples that dance together. The station is each couples position in the set. Couples that stand at first and third are known as the head whereas those at second and fourth are the side couples. From these basic formations, the dance becomes more complex as other techniques are introduced. In order to participate in square dances of today, dancers must learn a set of basic movements and techniques. These movements are one or two word commands such as the ladies ch ain or wheel around 6 that are the basics for the dance. By knowing these maneuvers the dancers will be in the positions necessary for the next call. Each step compliments the other so that the dance will go smoothly and without error. There are five skill levels attached to square dancers depending on the movements and techniques they know. The first, the Basic Plateau, covers the first forty-nine basic movements and is estimated to take ten two and a half-hour lessons to achieve. Extended basics come next, followed by Mainstream, which has eighty-five basics. The fourth level, Plus Movements, is a step above Mainstream. Some dancers reach the Advanced Plateau or Challenge Plateau, the highest accomplishment. To make a square dance complete a good caller must lead the group. There are many different techniques to calling. Each one helps the dancers through the different figures and patterns allowing the dance to run perfectly. The easiest call is known as the command call, where th e caller simply calls out each command and then waits until the next one. This type often accompanies hoedowns due to the type of music used. Patter calls are command calls with an extra excitement to them. Between the commands, meaningless, funny words are added in to spice it up. Another type of call is the singing calls. A well-known song is used with the calls substituted in for the original words. This type of technique limits the flexibility of the callers phrasing because only certain words can be inserted into each song. Hash calling changes the methods of patter calling by switching the commands where the dancers do not anticipate it. This requires an experienced caller as well as experienced dancers who can keep up with the constant changes in the routine. Death Of Salesman (4885 words) Essay6. Harris, Jane A., Dance A While. New York: Macmillan 7. Greene, Hank. Square and Folk Dancing: A Complete Guide for Students, Teachers and Callers. New York: Harper and Row,Bibliography:BibliographyBrown, Don. 1999. What is Square Dance? Online: http://members.aol.com/drbrown770/whatis.htm. Greene, Hank. Square and Folk Dancing: A Complete Guide for Students, Teachers and Callers. New York: Harper and Row, Publishers, Inc., 1984. Harris, Jane A., Dance A While. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1988. Kraus, Richard G., Square Dances of Today. New York: A.S. Barnes and Co., 1950. McBride, George and Joyce. 1999. Whats a 50/50 Anniversary? Online:http://www.dosido.com/asd/february99/cover.shtml. Shaw, Lloyd. Cowboy Dances. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1941.

Law and Constitution

Introduction Social scientists have subjected the conduct of attorneys to theoretical conceptualization in cases of litigation on the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. A spirited discussion by legal scholars has been advanced to assess the conduct of attorneys in the said litigation.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Law and Constitution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The dominant issue in the said debates has been to establish the role of attorneys in cases falling under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Largely, legal scholars have contended that the attorney general should exercise impartiality in the mentioned cases since acting otherwise would be a violation of the Constitution. John’s argument John Edwards, in his famous argument, asserts that attorneys are faced with confusion when litigation involves a conflict between a policy and a constitutional duty. Edwards asserted that the Charter of Rights and Freedoms dictates a defined cause of action. On the other hand, the pursuance of the mentioned course of action may conflict with political interests. The role of partisan politics in litigation may change the conduct of the attorney in Charter Rights litigation. Edwards states that the attorney should act in an independent way which is free from the influence of the government. His argument has been endorsed by Ian Scott, a former Ontario attorney. The duties of the attorney general are in continuous conflict with the political wishes of the government. The attorney general being the official government legal representative has a duty to protect the government’s policies, but the attorney general can not be compelled to do so. In defending the Charter Rights, the attorney general should desist from any form of partisan litigation and his/her impartiality should be fostered. In the highly politicized cases, the test of the attorney general’s independence has been tested.Advertising Looking for critical writing on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Edwards argued that in an event that the attorney general represented the government in the Charter of Rights litigation, he had a constitutional duty to protect the interests of the public. The academic arguments on the independence of the attorney general in the Charter of Rights litigation have been numerous, but there are rare instances when such impartiality has been exercised. Scott agrees with John’s argument while maintaining that the exercise of independence by the attorney general should be determined by the circumstances surrounding each case. At some point, Scott differs partly with John’s argument. According to him, the attorney general should endeavor to make sure that litigation does not compete with policies. This can be achieved through the competent exercise of the attorney general’s r ole in the cabinet. In an event that the attorney general advice is rejected, and a policy which is unconstitutional is formulated, the attorney has a duty to act independently. Paul’s argument On the other hand, Paul Thomas takes the administrative role theory stating that the attorney general has an exclusive duty to support the political wishes of the government. The conflict can be avoided by the attorney general through offering his/her advice to the cabinet before a policy is formulated. In evaluating the author’s arguments, it is essential to note how they failed or succeed. Edward’s argument on independence of the attorney general failed during the same sex related cases whereby the attorney general took the same position with the government.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Law and Constitution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The argument by Thomas Paul is conclusive sinc e the same sex related cases proved that the attorney general’s conduct is determined by the government’s policy. John’s argument does not achieve his goal of promoting the attorney general’s independence. On the other hand, Paul’s argument is founded on practicability, and his goal to show that the attorney general participates in policy making is achieved. Conclusion The understanding that the attorney general is the legal representative of the government leads to the conclusion that promotion of government policies in litigation is inevitable. The Independence of the attorney general as put across by John Edward is not conclusive. Thomas Paul’s argument is valid since it portrays the practical conduct of the attorney general in promoting the government’s policies. John’s argument has failed in the same sex marriage cases while Thomas argument has been supported. It is clear that Thomas Paul’s argument has succeeded. This critical writing on Law and Constitution was written and submitted by user Guillermo Larson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Write a Literary Analysis on Native American Literature

How to Write a Literary Analysis on Native American Literature When it comes to writing a literary analysis on Native American literature, you may have a tough time if this is your first time drafting one. After all, it needs to be structured, clear and sharply focused for your instructor to give you a good grade. While your work may be cut out for you once you have selected a topic to write on (get inspired by our facts on Native American literature or pick a topic from our list of 20 unique topics), you need to focus on the technical aspects of your analysis as well. Outline for Your Literary Analysis The first thing you should do after finalizing your topic is create a rough outline. You can create your own or simply use the one provided below. Introduction/Thesis Body of The Essay Main Idea 1 Support Evidence Example Main Idea 2 Support Evidence Example Main Idea 3 Evidence Example Support Conclusion Idea 1 + Idea 2 +Idea 3 Keep in mind that the analysis of any literature will involve textual evidence and support. Also, make sure to pay attention to the major themes and literary device the author uses. Note down any ideas you find interesting and then find the interconnecting threads which run through the work. Developing a Thesis Statement A thesis is the central idea of your essay. It is essentially a claim that you are making, which will be supported by evidence from the one or many works of literature you have chosen to analyze. Your thesis must be a specific statement which clearly communicates the purpose of your essay. This central idea will govern the overall development of your essay. Writing a Strong Introduction This section will include your main thesis and provide the reader a bird’s-eye view of your paper. Pay special attention to how you phrase your ideas in this topic. Your goal is to capture your reader’s interest, so use a relevant quote, an interesting fact, or a brief anecdote to quickly bring your subject into focus. Include any background information you feel is required in order to understand your thesis. Include the title of the work you are writing about and the author. Also make sure to mention your reason for choosing that particular piece of work. Creating the Body of the Essay This section is the main part of your analysis. Use this section to explain in detail the main ideas behind your thesis. You also need to include evidence from the text to back up your stated idea. You can use direct quotations from the text or specific details or rely on summaries and paraphrased   sections of the text to support your central idea. Think of three to four main topics and use one paragraph for each topic. Begin each paragraph with a topic sentence and then provide textual support. End the paragraph by connecting your topic with the central thesis. Follow these instructions for each of your topic paragraphs, which should be at least three topics to fully justify and explain your central thesis. Wrapping it All Up in the Conclusion Add a concluding paragraph that ties in your central thesis with all of your main ideas. Make sure it is phrased in a manner that communicates a sense of completeness to the reader. In other words, do not end it abruptly. You can include a re-statement of your main thesis. Also summarize the main points and add some comments about the specific literary work you are writing about. Make sure this point is relevant to your topic. This outline will serve as a handy guide to help you plan out and properly structure your literary analysis on Native American literature. Include all the relevant sections and follow the advice given for each and you will surely end up with a great grade. Along with it we have prepared 14 facts on Native American literature for your literary analysis as well as 20 topics and 1 sample essay about this subject. Make sure to check them to get the whole picture.

Humic Acid removal and fouling using tubular ceramic micro filtration Essay

Humic Acid removal and fouling using tubular ceramic micro filtration membranes combined with coagulation and adsorption - Essay Example result in either increased flux (for operation at constant pressure) or decreased feed pressure requirements (for operation at constant flux); the converse effect results from colder feedwater.† (Cheryan, 1998) Consequently, temperature is an important consideration in the conceptual design phase, because changes in feedwater temperature over the year may necessitate additional membrane area to maintain the required system capacity, depending on the maximum TMP of the membranes, seasonal water demand, and other site-specific factors. When considering temperature effects on MF/UF membranes, the flux is typically normalized to a reference temperature of 20 °C. (Cho et al., 283-298, 2000) Typical units for flux are gallons of water per square foot of membrane area per day or litters of water per square meter of membrane area per hour. The pore density (P^sub pore^) is the number of pores per unit of membrane area, r is the pore radius, Ï„ is the tortuosity factor, and Δz is the pore length. Thus, the resistance to pure water transport across a clean membrane is expected to increase with increasing tortuosity and thickness and with decreasing pore density and pore radius (with a strongly influencing inverse 4th power relationship). An important operational factor that can strongly influence the flux is the foulants that accumulate over a filtration cycle (reversible fouling), between cleaning intervals (reversible fouling), and over the life of a membrane module (irreversible fouling). This fouling can take several forms: particulate/colloidal fouling, organic fouling, and/or bio fouling. Fouling results in the gradual reduction in flux (for constant pressure operation) or increase in TMP (for constant flux operation) because of adsorption or deposition of contaminants either within the pores or on the surface of the membrane. (Hicke, 187–196, 2002) In Eq 1, fouling is incorporated by expanding the resistance term to include additive factors to account for the

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Operations Management - Essay Example a. Find breakeven points, X p. Mass Customization: 1, 260, 000 + 60 X = 120 X → X p = 21, 000 Intermittent: Repetitive: 1, 625, 000 + 55 X = 120 X → X p = 25, 000 Continuous: b. 1, 000, 000 + 70 X = 120 X → X p = 20, 000 1,960, 000 + 50 X = 120 X → X p = 28, 000 Find least-cost process at X = 24, 000 units. Fixed cost VC Units Mass Customization: 1, 260, 000 + 60 ( 24, 000 ) = 2, 700, 000 Intermittent: Repetitive: 1, 000, 000 + 70 ( 24, 000 ) = 2, 680, 000 1, 625, 000 + 55 ( 24, 000 ) = 2,945, 000 Continuous: 1,960, 000 + 50 ( 24, 000 ) = 3,160, 000 The least-cost process: Intermittent Process. c. 24,000 > 20,000 Yes: Anticipated Production Volume Intermittent Process Breakeven Point Annual Profit Using Intermittent Process: $120 ( 24, 000 ) − 2, 680, 000 = $200, 000 Answer: The intermittent process will maximize annual profit. Annual Profit: $200,000 A-20 CHAPTER 8.1 CX ( 2, 000 )( 2.5) + ( 5, 000 )( 2.5) + (10, 000 )( 5.5 ) + ( 7, 000 )( 5.0 ) + (1 0, 000 )( 8.0 ) + ( 20, 000 )( 7.0 ) + (14, 000 )( 9.0 ) = 6.67 2, 000 + 5, 000 + 10, 000 + 7, 000 + 10, 000 + 20, 000 + 14, 000 ( 2, 000 )( 4.5 ) + ( 5,000 )( 2.5 ) + (10, 000 )( 4.5) + ( 7,000 )( 2.0 ) + (10, 000 )( 5.0 ) + ( 20,000 )( 2.0 ) + (14, 000 )( 2.5 ) Cy With a financial calculator, enter the following: N = 10; I = YTM = 9%; PMT = 0.08 ï‚ ´ 1,000 = 80; FV = 1000; PV = VB = ? PV = $935.82. Alternatively, VB = $80(PVIFA9%, 10) + $1,000(PVIF9%, 10) = $80(6.4177) + $1,000(0.4224) = $513.42 + $422.40 = $935.82.

Gangs Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Gangs - Coursework Example o note the direction in which the suspect fled, the mode of transportation he used, the make, color, and model of the vehicle he used as well as the license plates and an any other thing that may describe the vehicle like its condition (Portal.chicagopolice.org, 2014). It is important to observe if the suspect is armed and if so what type as well as the accomplices involved in the crime. This involves an outline of the suspect’s characteristics. First, note the sex of the suspect and the race or nationality if it is possible to identify. A complexion description is also necessary. The body size should come next. This consists of the suspect’s height and build. An estimate of the weight may also be included. The suspect’s age range should also be identified. Another important feature is the hair. This involves color, style, texture and length (Portal.chicagopolice.org, 2014). Also note the nature of the eyes in terms of color, shape, eyebrows and eyelashes. Physical peculiarities like limps, high pitched voice and accents need to be remembered. Start with the general appearance of the suspect, whether, neat, sloppy, well-groomed or dirty. Then give a description of the pieces of clothing that he or she is wearing. This incorporates the color, length, accessories, design, patterns and style of everything that the suspect is wearing, from the hat, shirt, coat and trousers to the socks, shoes and jewelry (Portal.chicagopolice.org, 2014). If there are any oddities it is important to mention them. The mugging occurred at the union street train station at six o’clock in the evening. There was only one attacker armed with a knife. The suspect was a Hispanic male in his mid twenties, about six feet tall and weighed around 200 pounds. He had black hair that was straight and short with a receding hairline. He had large brown, bloodshot eyes with heavy eyebrows. His cheeks were deep set with a double chin that was covered by a two day beard. He spoke in a deep voice

Clinical Effect of LANAP in Treatment of Periodontal Pockets

Clinical Effect of LANAP in Treatment of Periodontal Pockets Aim: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the clinical effects of LANAP as an adjunctive to non-surgical periodontal therapy in the treatment of moderate periodontal pockets. Materials and methods: A total of 38 patients (22 males, 16 females; mean age 36 ±10.1 years) diagnosed with generalized chronic periodontitis were included in this randomized, single –blind clinical study. All the sites were divided into 2 groups: test group (n = 469), treated with laser along with SRP and control group (n=481), treated with SRP alone. Data collected at baseline and after 6 weeks and 24 weeks included sulcus bleeding index (SBI), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Changes in PD and CAL were analyzed separately for moderate (4-6mm) and deep (≠¥7 mm) pockets. Results: The results obtained in both the groups showed that API and BOP after 6 weeks and 24 weeks was superior to the baseline (PË‚0.0001). At 24 weeks pot-operatively, a significant (PË‚0.0001) improvement was seen in moderate and deep PD and CAL in both the groups. In between the groups, after 24 weeks, test group showed significant gain in CAL in moderate pockets (PË‚0.0001) and decreased PD in deep periodontal pockets. (PË‚0.0017) Conclusion: The present study indicates that, LANAP using Nd:YAG laser (1064nm) with SRP as an effective non surgical periodontal therapy in the treatment of moderate periodontal pockets. Key words: chronic periodontitis, clinical attachment level, Lasers, non-surgical periodontal therapy, pocket depth. Introduction The primary goal of periodontal therapy is to control periodontal infection by the removal of supragingival and subgingival biofilms and smear layer, which contains bacteria, bacterial endotoxins and contaminated root cementum.1-2 Removal of these pathologic substances ensures biologic compatibility between the diseased periodontal radicular surface and new connective tissue attachment (CTA).3 Traditional approaches like non – surgical and surgical periodontal methods using both hand instruments and ultrasonic scalers have been carried out for several years with great success. Laser therapy has been proposed as an alternative or adjunctive treatment to conventional periodontal therapy.4 Maiman in 1960 developed the first laser prototype and later by Goldman et al (1964), Stern RH and Sognnaes RF ( 1972) reported the effect of laser on dental tissue and on enamel and dentin.5 Myers and Myers (1989) suggested that the Nd:YAG laser could be used for oral soft tissue surgery. Various types of LASERS like CO2, diode lasers (gallium-aluminum-arsenide and indium- gallium-arsenide), neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG), and erbium: Yttrium – aluminum-garnet (Er: YAG) with varying wavelengths (635 to10,600 nm) have different levels of tissue penetration depending on reflection, scatter, and absorption.6 Low level laser therapy (LLLT) using diode laser can facili tate collagen synthesis, angiogenesis, and growth factor release, which eventually accelerate wound healing.7 Laser-assisted new attachment procedure (LANAP) was introduced by Dr. Robert H. Gregg and Delwin McCarthy in 1989. Initial reports suggest that LANAP is associated with cementum mediated new connective tissue attachment (CTA) and apparent periodontal regeneration of diseased root surfaces in humans.8 When laser irradiation is delivered cautiously, the regenerative potential of laser is high, and, undoubtedly, new fibroblastic activity in the connective tissue promotes new connective tissue attachment.9 The indications for LANAP are the same as for standard periodontal therapy that includes periodontal pocket depth (PD) ≠¥ 4mm, radiographic evidence of bone loss, and positive laboratory test for presence of putative periodontal pathogens. The results of recent research suggest that a Free- Running, Pulsed Nd:YAG laser (PerioLase ® MVP-7 laser, Millennium Dental Technologies) provides a viable alternative to traditional periodontal surgery. Properly applied PerioLase MVP-7 laser has been shown to produce less bleeding, swelling, discomfort and periodontal regeneration.10 The use of lasers in periodontics is rapidly increasing. Despite enormous clinical research and a plethora of scientific literature, controversy exists to date among clinicians regarding the application of lasers in the treatment of periodontal disease. There is limited evidence on the clinical efficacy of LANAP over conventional surgical or non surgical periodontal and periimplant therapies. Consequently, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the clinical effects of LANAP therapy using 1064-nm of Nd: YAG laser with SRP versus the effect of SRP alone in the treatment of moderate to deep periodontal pockets. Material and methods: A total of 38 patients (22 male and 16 females) with mean age of 36 ±10.1 and diagnosed with generalized chronic periodontitis attending to the department of periodontics, sibar institute of dental sciences, Guntur, India, were included in the study. A randomized split mouth method was carried out in all the patients with two quadrants as test group (TG) treated with LANAP along with SRP and other two quadrants as control group (CG) treated with SRP alone. Teeth with PD and CAL ≠¥4mm on at least one from the six surfaces were included into the study. Patients were selected according to the following inclusion criteria; History of no periodontal treatment in the last 12months, no use of antibiotics within the previous 6 months, no systemic disease that influence the periodontal therapy, no smoking or alcohol and no pregnancy and lactation. Exclusion criteria are teeth with grade III mobility (11) and patients using removable or fixed partial dentures. The study protocol has bee n approved by institutional ethical committee and informed written consent from all the recruited subjects was taken before start of the study. Before the start of the treatment, the data of all enrolled patients including periodontal parameters like plaque index (PI),(12) bleeding on probing, (BOP) (13) pocket depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded at baseline, 6 weeks and 24 weeks post-operatively. Full mouth CAL and PD was measured at all the six surfaces of each tooth using UNC-15 periodontal probe. At each interval all the clinical parameters were recorded and maintained by single examiner (TP), who was unaware of the study design. All the patients received complete supragingival scaling with an ultrasonic device in two appointments at one week interval by the examiner (TP). Oral hygiene instructions were given at every appointment and followed by use of 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash as directed twice daily for two weeks. Patients were recalled after three weeks and randomization was carried out using slip method with each quadrant is coded with a number, subsequently resulting in two quadrants as test group and other two quadrants as control group. To overcome the selection bias, randomization was performed by independent instructor, who did not participate in the study. LANAP protocol was followed along with SRP for the test quadrants, whereas SRP alone was done for the remaining two quadrants. Under local anesthesia, first application of laser is performed using Nd:YAG laser (1064nm) at power setting of 3.0 watt, 150-us pulse duration, and 20Hz (14) into the gingival sulcus by placing the fiber optic delivery system (0.2-0.3mm) parallel to the long axis of the tooth and moved laterally and apically 1 mm less to the clinical measurement value obtained for the pocket depth. All the six surfaces of each tooth were treated with laser. The objective of placing the laser into the sulcus is to remove the diseased epithelium towards the soft tissue wall of the periodontal pocket and also to create a trough with significant hemostasis. Full mouth SRP was performed for each patient in both groups using area specific gracey curettes until the roots were smooth and no visual or tactile evidence of calculus or altered cementum. After thorough SRP, laser fiber-o ptic delivery system is passed through the pocket for the second time at power setting of 4.0 watts, 635-us pulse duration, and 20Hz to achieve a stable fibrin clot and pocket seal.(14) The control teeth received all of the aforementioned treatment except for the laser therapy and suturing was not done. Full mouth SRP in both the groups and laser application in TG was carried out by the single clinician (KK). All the patients were given post operative instructions and medication including 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash twice daily with supragingival brushing for two weeks. Antibiotics (amoxicillin 500mg, every 8 hours) and analgesics (ibuprofen 400mg, every 8 hours) were advised for 5 days. Patients were recalled at 1week, 6 week, and 24 week for postoperative follow-up, where the clinical measurements were recorded at 6 weeks and 24 weeks respectively and oral hygiene is reinforced in all the visits. All the subjects completed the study protocol and were followed up to the end of the study. A total of 481 sites in control group and 469 sites in test group were examined. Statistical analysis: Data was expressed as mean values of API, BOP, PD and CAL (4-6mm and >7mm) were evaluated using a software. Comparisons were made within the group and between the groups at 6 weeks and 24 weeks using wilcoxon matched paired t- test and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results None of the 38 patients participated in the trial had reported pain or any discomfort. Healing after 24 weeks was satisfactory and uneventful as observed by the investigator and reported by the patients respectively. However, six patients in test group compared to 4 patients in control group experienced dentinal hypersensitivity during first 4 weeks post-operatively, which has subsided. The BOP and API results (mean  ±SD) for LG and CG at baseline, 6 weeks and 24 weeks were presented in table 1. Significant reduction was observed in the mean BOP and API scores from baseline to 6 weeks and 24 weeks post intervention (pË‚0.001). The finding held strength in both the groups. However, neither of the groups had shown significant differences in the mean BOP and API scores between 6 weeks and 24 weeks post intervention. Similar findings were observed on comparison of mean pocket depths with significant differences observed from baseline to 6 weeks (PË‚0.0001) and 24 we eks (PË‚0.0001) as well in both the test and the control groups. However no significant differences were found between the test and control groups both at baseline and post intervention, suggesting accurate randomization and near equivalent impact of both the interventions respectively. (Table 2) The mean CAL score for teeth with CAL≠¥4mm was higher in the TG at baseline and this difference was marginally significant (p=0.0493). However, the differences lost significance after the intervention both at 6 weeks and 24 weeks. A statistically significant gain (PË‚0.0001) of CAL (4-6mm) is noticed in both the groups when compared from baseline to 6 weeks and 24 weeks. Inter group comparison of CAL (4-6 mm) at 6 weeks showed that a significant gain is achieved in TG at baseline to 6 weeks (PË‚0.0244), baseline to 24 weeks (PË‚0.0005) and 6 weeks to 24 weeks (PË‚0.0016) (Table 3). The mean pocket depth of sites with PD ≠¥7 mm in test group was 8.38  ± 1.18 and in CG it is 8.49  ± 1.05. The difference in the mean values between the groups at baseline was not significant (PË‚0.6791). Both the groups showed overall improvement in 6 weeks and 24 weeks postoperatively, which was statistically significant (PË‚0.0001). However, 24 weeks post intervention comparison revealed significant gain in the TG compared to the CG (p At baseline, there was no significant difference between the mean CAL scores of the two groups for teeth with CAL≠¥7mm. A significant gain in attachment was observed in both the groups from baseline to 6 weeks and 24 weeks (PË‚0.0001). Unlike mean pocket depth for sites with PD≠¥7mm, mean CAL scores for teeth with CAL≠¥7mm were not significantly different between the two groups at 24 weeks post intervention. Table 5 Discussion: Various treatment approaches have been carried out in the treatment of periodontal pockets and laser assisted periodontal therapy is most widely used nowadays. Laser mediated periodontal therapy has shown significant benefits from subgingival soft tissue curettage as well as in subgingival bacterial loads.(15) According to previous studies, adjunctive use of the diode laser along with conventional SRP has shown to have an additive effect in reducing subgingival bacteria in periodontal pockets measuring ≠¥4mm.(16) A study by Talat Qadri et al observed a significant reduction in inflammatory markers (IL-1ÃŽ ² and MMP-8) levels in GCF, sites treated with SRP and Nd:YAG laser than SRP alone. (17) Another study by Aykol G et al observed decreased GCF levels of Matrixmetalloproteinase-1, tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase-1, transforming growth factor-b1, and basic-fibroblast growth factor suggesting LLLT as an adjunctive therapy to non-surgical periodontal treatment and improves periodontal healing. (7) According to Slot DE et al 2010, stated that there was no significant difference in all clinical parameters between the sites treated with SRP and Nd:YAG laser than SRP alone, (18) these results are in support to his earlier systematic review.(19) In the present study, Nd:YAG laser with wave length of 1060-nm has been used to evaluate clinical benefit of LANAP as an adjunct to conventional periodontal therapy for achieving new attachment. The present results indicate that non surgical periodontal therapy using hand instruments or in combination with LANAP procedure shown significant improvements in clinical parameters (BOP, PD, and CAL) for both moderate and deep pockets at 6 weeks and 24 weeks after treatment. Similar results were presented in earlier case reports and case series, showing significant improvement in gingival inflammation during observation period from baseline to 6 weeks and 24 weeks. . Histologic evaluation of LANAP in humans for the treatment of periodontal pockets has shown new connective tissue attachment and periodontal regeneration. (14) Nevins ML et al evaluated periodontal regeneration performing LANAP procedure in humans and stated that there was a significant degree of periodontal regeneration with new cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone (10). In a prospective study done by Nevins ML et al, evaluated the efficacy of LANAP therapy in eight patients for a period of 9 months and concluded that majority of treated sites showed improvement in all clinical parameters.(20) The results obtained in this study using LANAP therapy have showed a significant improvement in BOP, PI, PD and CAL, similar to the previous studies. (8,10,14,19-20) Sites with PD of 4-6mm has shown significant reduction in both the groups at 24 weeks post operatively, indicating that both the therapies were effective in treating moderate periodontal pockets. However at 24 weeks post-operatively, a significant gain in CAL at 4-6mm in the sites treated with LANAP was observed, suggesting a new cementum and new connective tissue formation (new attachment). This data supports to the earlier study by Yukna RA et al (2007) and Nevins MI (2012), where histological examination of all six LANAP treated teeth showed formation of new CTA. PD with ≠¥7mm sites in both the groups were treated non- surgically with LANAP therapy as an adjunctive in test group. All the patients included in this study had average PD of 4-6mm with few sites ≠¥7mm. Non-surgical periodontal treatment was carried out for all the sites including sites with ≠¥7mm, as they were located in isolated areas. Systematic reviews have proven that in terms of PD reduction and CAL gain in open flap debridement procedures were effective in sites with PD >6mm. (21) In the present study, test group showed significant reduction in PD in sites with ≠¥7mm when compared with control group, but no significant gain in CAL is achieved at 24 week post-operatively. These results were similar to the previous study by Nevins ML et al 2014, where initial sites of ≠¥7mm had at least 2mm of PD reduction in 91% of sites and CAL gain of 2mm in 77% of sites. Greater retraction of periodontal tissues in deep periodontal pockets (≠¥7mm) in test group led to significant reduction in PD with no significant gain in CAL. LANAP appears to be safe procedure that resulted in new CTA formation with no significant side effects beyond dentinal hypersensitivity or gingival recession and no damage to the root surfaces.(22) Even though LANAP therapy has been introduced 15 years ago, very few case reports and case series has been reported till now with substantial clinical and histological evidence. However controversy remains regarding the efficacy of LASERS, mainly LANAP therapy in treating the periodontal disease and periodontal regeneration. This is the first randomized controlled clinical study done to evaluate LANAP as adjunctive to SRP in the treatment of periodontal disease for a period of 24 weeks. LANAP therapy should be further evaluated with long term clinical trials with larger sample size to compare the clinical results with conventional therapy. . Conclusion: Within the limits of the present study, the results indicate that LANAP therapy as an adjunct to non surgical periodontal therapy using Nd:YAG Laser offered superior results when compared with SRP alone. Present study focussed mainly in the treatment of moderate periodontal pockets and achieved significant results in all the clinical parameters observed. Deeper pockets also showed promising results with LANAP therapy, suggesting that further studies are necessary to adequately test the potential benefits following the LANAP protocol in the treatment of periodontal diseases.

Prenatal Diagnostic Tests and the Social, Legal, and Ethical Implicatio

Prenatal Diagnostic Tests and the Social, Legal, and Ethical Implications Introduction Jackie and Michael are expecting their first baby. Jackie is 32 years old and is in good health. She is 15 weeks pregnant and wants to do everything possible to ensure a healthy baby. Even though they do not have risk factors within their families, she and Michael decide to have an amniocentesis. The results indicate that their baby is a female with Turner Syndrome. This condition is caused by a missing X chromosome and results in short stature, ovarian failure, and medical problems involving the heart, thyroid glands, and kidneys. Some of these conditions can be treated and managed with great success. The question that arises after diagnoses is whether or not they will choose to terminate the pregnancy with an abortion or carry the child to full term. The availability of methods that determine the genetic predisposition of a fetus gives rise to a whole array of questions and issues that must be confronted as we develop policies to deal with genetic testing. In this essay, I will present current and future methods for prenatal diagnosis, ethical concerns and related problems dealing with this new technology, my personal opinion on the issue, and finally, future goals in the science of genetics. All of us are potential carriers of several deleterious recessive genes that could be lethal to our offspring if combined with another recessive allele carrying the same fate (IOM 1994). The chances of a genetic disease being passed on are 1 in 100 Americans born today (March of Dimes 1997). Because of the risks involved, many people are having prenatal tests to examine the genetic makeup of their fetuses. For many couples, this option... ...able to cure diseases we never dreamed possible, and the lives of humans will be improved eminently. References Cited Arc. Genetic Discrimination. Obtained from WWW 10/09/97: http://www.the.arc.org/depts/gbr03.html Botkin, Jeffrey R. Fetal Privacy and Confidentiality. Hastings Center Report, Sept.-Oct. 1995:32-39. Institute of Medicine. Assessing Genetic Risks. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1994. March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation. Genetic Testing and Gene Therapy: What They Mean to You and Your Family. Obtained from WWW 10/09/97: http://ubeclu.unibe.ch/insel/GENETEST.HTML Mattei, Jean-Francois. Prenatal Diagnosis. World Health, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1996:22-23. Morejon, Diana Punales. Commentary. Hastings Center Report, May-June 1996:21-22. Weatherall, D.J. The New Genetics and Clinical Practice. Oxford University Press, 1991.